Leader Persona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leader Persona - Essay Example ust have appropriate qualities capable of fostering the growth of the various aspects of the society as the below analysis of Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani below portrays. Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani typifies the qualities of a good leader in the contemporary society. From his controversial rise to power in 1995 to the current economic and social stability of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani continues to prove his ability to lead and revolutionize a modern society, one bestowed with limitless natural resources that continue to cause chaos and mayhem in numerous other parts of the world. Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani came from Al Thani, a royal family in Qatar and became the ruling Emir in 1995 through a bloodless coup of the palace. He ruled the country from 1995 to 2013 a period within which Qatar experienced tremendous economic growth. Additionally, Qatari became a regional economic and diplomatic hub under his leadership. Numerous sports and diplomatic functions took place in the county during his tenure. As stated earlier, he embodied a perfect and revolutionary leader who enhanced the growth and prosperity. Key among his personality traits was aggressiveness (Kronfol, Ghuloum & Weber, 2013). He rose to power by overthrowing an existing Emir of the kingdom. Such was his belief in both himself and his leadership. He believed that he could lead the people of Qatar better thereby enhancing the development of the Kingdom. He therefore grabbed the throne. He was part of the royalty in the Kingdom a feature that made the coup bloodless. However, soon after rising to power, he busied himself with the formation of appropriate social and political structures to help secure the country and fortify his position as the Emir of the Kingdom. He understood that politics continue to bedevil other countries with similar political structures. He therefore sought to safeguard his position as the leader of the country by creating appropriate political structures to help him secure his

2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

2 - Essay Example equal to capital and liabilities because when a person or an entity start their business, they inject the capital which can be in form of cash or other assets therefore at the beginning of the entity all there is are assets and capital. When the company expands it purchases goods or offers services which give rise to further assets and further liabilities as loans are acquired and credit is obtained out of that same capital. Some amount is also generated as profit for their business. Therefore, all the transactions of the entity take place through the same capital and the assets of the company must always equal their liabilities and capital. The statement of financial position gives the position of the company at a given moment of time where it provides the description of company’s assets, liabilities and equity from its establishment to that particular date, while the Income statement provides the details of all the income and expenditure activities during the year as at the date of balance sheet. In a nut shell, the financial position is the standing at that date while the Income statement is the movement during the period which is why the dates begin with ‘as at’ and ‘year ended’ respectively. The figure of net cash flow will mostly be different from that of net profit because the cash flows of the company are purely due to the monetary items such as sale, purchase, monetary income of dividend and interest, monetary expenses of salaries and rent etc. These expenses are purely of monetary nature while the net profits of the company not only involve these monetary items but also involve non cash items such as depreciation, fair value, amortization etc therefore normally cash and cash equivalents of the company are usually not equal to their net profit. Certain expenses are not affected by the cash flows of the company as it does not involve cash dealing on the time of the transaction. These expenses or income do not affect the cash flows because

Faulty forensic science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Faulty forensic science - Essay Example ts as to why there is a need for a centralized governing forensic science body to oversee the crime labs, and also look into the possibility that maybe, just maybe, forensic science is not always at fault when it comes to the acquittal or conviction of a criminal. Acknowledging the fact that the forensic field of criminal investigation is not fool-proof, the United States Department of Justice has decided that the time has come to establish a forensic commission that will set the standards and oversee the functions of crime labs nationwide. This commission is expected to set the standards that will be used to determine the forensic guilt of a criminally charged person. through the creation of a â€Å"a professional code for forensic scientists, set certification requirements and advise the Attorney General... In addition, the National Institute of Standards and Technology will double-check existing forensic science standards and develop new ways of making forensic measurements.† (Diep, â€Å"New Commission to Set Standards for Troubled Forensic Sciences†). Currently, there are no uniform rules existing to guide the forensic labs in the discharge of their jobs. The commission is expected to standardize their function and offer a sense of uniformity in their investigation and experimentation procedures. In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences reported that â€Å"much of the â€Å"science† used in crime labs lacks any form of peer review or validation – fundamental requirements for sound science. Such questionable forensic methods include long-established and accepted techniques such as fingerprint comparison, hair and fiber analysis, and bullet matching† (Clarke, â€Å"Crime Labs in Crisis: Shoddy Forensics Used to Secure Convictions†). The creation of this commission will then make the forensic labs answerable to the commission and prevent the failure of the justice system by sending an innocent person to prison or releasing a guilty person back into the general

Strikes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strikes - Research Paper Example As a means to an end, it recommends strategies that an organization can implement to maintain a successful working relationship with the unions. The management plays a pivotal role in a firm. It ensures that the working environment is conducive for the employees; hence, reducing cases of strikes. It also works jointly with the unions to improve the welfare of the workers and ensure high productivity. Additionally, it controls and manages the activities of the firm to guarantee smooth running of the business. Most of the organizations have unionized employees; thus, the unions ensure that the rights of the workers are fully protected. On the same note, they impact organizations negatively and positively. For instance, they ensure increased profitability, reduced turnover, and improved relationships with the employees. However, in case there are disagreements, there is likelihood of engaging in strikes; hence, low profit and negative publicity. In that case, organizations need to work jointly with the unions by seeing them as partners and developing a strategic partnership with them that is based on respect and trust (Ghosh, 2 005; Tschida, 2006). This discourse focuses on discussing the role of the management and unions in an organization. It also gives a detailed summary of the effects that unions have on the management. Finally, it recommends strategies that organizations can implement to create a productive working relationship with the unions. It is without doubt that the trade unions play a major role in enhancing productivity; thus, managers should work together to maintain a positive working setting that is based on mutual trust and social cohesion. Managers are paramount in a firm as they ensure all activities are in accordance to the stipulated goals. The main role of an organization’s management is to guide firms towards accomplishing their goals as well as

Faulty forensic science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Faulty forensic science - Essay Example ts as to why there is a need for a centralized governing forensic science body to oversee the crime labs, and also look into the possibility that maybe, just maybe, forensic science is not always at fault when it comes to the acquittal or conviction of a criminal. Acknowledging the fact that the forensic field of criminal investigation is not fool-proof, the United States Department of Justice has decided that the time has come to establish a forensic commission that will set the standards and oversee the functions of crime labs nationwide. This commission is expected to set the standards that will be used to determine the forensic guilt of a criminally charged person. through the creation of a â€Å"a professional code for forensic scientists, set certification requirements and advise the Attorney General... In addition, the National Institute of Standards and Technology will double-check existing forensic science standards and develop new ways of making forensic measurements.† (Diep, â€Å"New Commission to Set Standards for Troubled Forensic Sciences†). Currently, there are no uniform rules existing to guide the forensic labs in the discharge of their jobs. The commission is expected to standardize their function and offer a sense of uniformity in their investigation and experimentation procedures. In 2009, the National Academy of Sciences reported that â€Å"much of the â€Å"science† used in crime labs lacks any form of peer review or validation – fundamental requirements for sound science. Such questionable forensic methods include long-established and accepted techniques such as fingerprint comparison, hair and fiber analysis, and bullet matching† (Clarke, â€Å"Crime Labs in Crisis: Shoddy Forensics Used to Secure Convictions†). The creation of this commission will then make the forensic labs answerable to the commission and prevent the failure of the justice system by sending an innocent person to prison or releasing a guilty person back into the general

Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity Essay - 1

Nation-states and colonial regimes have historically managed diversity while creating further diversity in the process. Explain some of these tensions - Essay Example ular media, scholarly literature, professional journals and many more, it is a multifaceted expression, and thus, there is no single definition of diversity. The dictionary definition of diversity is â€Å"a state of unlikeness† or â€Å"the condition of being different.† For many, diversity means inclusion, gender, or racial differences. Since we are all different, diversity is a term that includes everyone. In this essay, diversity refers to individual, group and cultural differences. A nation-state is an independent state in which the majority of the citizens are united by factors such as common descent and language, which are factors that define a nation. JurgenOsterhammel (2005) as â€Å"a relationship between the majority who are indigenous and the foreign invaders who are the minority†, on the other hand, defines colonialism. In the pursuit of interests, the colonial rulers make and implement the fundamental decisions that affect the lives of the colonized people. History has that many examples of colonial regimes rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population exist. This end up forcing the colonized population believes that the colonizers are the superior. Unsurprisingly, this rejection leads to tensions within the diverse population. A concept that has been propagated to respond and manage the issue of diversity is multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is the ideology of embracing diversity in cultures and formulation of policies to protect the existence of different orientations in a population (Long, 1997). It is all about making people in a society to preserve their different cultures. The idea of multiculturalism is manifested in the approach used to propagate and champion for it. Advocacy groups are formed to push for recognition of the right of people to uphold and practice their culture and religion. Another way it comes out is by creating of policies that promote diversity of cultures. The concept is opposed to the integration of

Recognition Properties for Pyrrole

Recognition Properties for Pyrrole Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer and its recognition properties for pyrrole X.W. Wu, J. Wang, H.X. Wang  [1], Q.M. Zhou, L.H. Liu. wang, Y.P. Wu, H.W. Yang, G.L. Zhao, S.X. Tuo Abstract: The molecularly-imprinted polymer (MIP) of pyrrole was synthesized by a precipitation polymerization method using acrylamide (AM) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker agent in acetonitrile. MIP of pyrrole was characterized by FT-IR and UV. The surface morphology and specific surface area of the MIP was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The adsorption behavior of the MIP was investigated in detail, which showed high selectivity for pyrrole, the results indicated that the maximum binding capacities of pyrrole on the MIP and the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) were 404 and 265 ÃŽ ¼molΆ¡g−1, respectively. Application of MIP with a high selectivity to pyrrole provides a novel method for separating and purifying the trace nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds from tobacco. Keyword: molecularly imprinted polymer, pyrrole, tobacco, nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds 1 INTRODUCTION The Pyrrole and other nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds in tobacco leaves come mainly from the reaction products formed by the reaction of sugar and amino acid[1-3], which play an important role in sensory quality of tobacco and tobacco products. They are the important parameters to evaluate the sensory quality of tobacco products and have great effects on the sensory characteristics of tobacco products and on the health of smokers[4]. Therefore, the studies and analysis of nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds are conducive to improve the quality of perfuming and tobacco products. Molecular Imprinting, as an interdiscipline derived from polymer chemistry, material science, and biological chemistry, is the method of preparing the polymer with particular selection to given template molecules[5-8]. So far, dozens of countries, (i.e., America, Japan, Germany, Australia, France and China) hundreds of academic institutions and enterprises have been working on the research and development of the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP).Thanks to MIP is simple in preparation and can be easily preserved, with specific selectivity, high temperature, high pressure and acid corrosion, it has been widely used in the solid phase extraction[9], chromatography analysis [10], membrane separation [11], biomimetic sensor[12], ect. The separation of bioactive ingredients in natural products is difficult because of their low contents, complex structures and diversity[13-15]. Compared with traditional methods (high performance liquid chromatography, silica gel column chromatography, etc.), molecular imprinting method has the advantages of high molecular recognition, simple operation, low solvent consumption and recyclable[16]. Thus, the molecularly imprinting technique has attracted considerable attention for extraction of compounds from complex mixtures of chemical species[17-18]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no molecularly imprinted polymer has been reported for the separation and determination of pyrrole in tobacco so far. In this study, pyrrole imprinted polymer was synthesized by employing acrylamide (AM) as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinking. After the characteristics and analysis of the MIP and NIP, the adsorption behavior including kinetics and isotherms are discussed in detail. It was found that the MIP can specifically adsorb and identify pyrrole molecules, which meant the MIP can be applied to separation and enrichment of trace pyrrole in tobacco. The aim of this paper is to provide theoretical basis and technical supports for further study of the effects of nitrogen heterocyclic compound on tobacco quality. 2 EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Reagents Pyrrole, pyridine and methanol were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acrylamide, methacrylic acid, acetonitrile and azodiisobutyronitrile were purchased from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Company (Tianjin, China). Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was obtained from Aladdin reagent co., LTD (Guangdong, China). All the solvents were of analytical reagent grade and used without further purification. 2.2 Synthesis of MIP and NIP The pyrrole imprinted polymer was prepared by precipitation polymerization in the following procedures. 0.1 mmol of pyrrole and 0.4 mmol of AM were dissolved in 20 ml of acetonitrile in a 40 mL glass vessel. The mixture was sonicated at room temperature for 30 minutes for pre-polymerization, and then was incubated at 4à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™Ã‚ °C for 12 h. Subsequently, 2 mmol of cross-linker (EGDMA) and 10 mg of initiator (AIBN) were added stepwise. The glass vessel was degassed in a sonicating bath for 10 min, and filled with nitrogen for 30 min, and then sealed for polymerization at 60  °C for 24 h in a thermostat water bath. After polymerization, the resultants were extracted with a mixed solvent of methanol/acetic acid (9:1, v/v) for 48 h in a Soxhlet extractor to remove the template from its polymeric matrix, followed by ethanol for another 48 h to remove the acetic acid. The obtained MIP was dried in an oven at 60  °C overnight. As a control, the NIP was prepared and treated unde r identical conditions except for the omission of the template. 2.3 Morphological characterization The FT-IR spectra were recorded to characterize the MIP and NIP on an AVATAR 360 ESP FT-IR spectrometer (Nicolet, America). SEM images were obtained with afield-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JSM-6700F, JEOL, Japan). The nitrogen adsorption/desorption data of MIP and NIP was determined using an ASAP2020Micromeriticsapparatus (Micromeritics Instruments, USA). 2.4 Binding experiments The binding experiments were carried out at 30  °C and 150 rpm on an orbital shaker with 100 mg of the MIP and NIP in a 100 mL flask containing pyrrole in 20 ml of acetonitrile. Batch experiments were performed to examine the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium. In the kinetic adsorption experiments, 2.5 mmolΆ¡L-1 pyrrole in acetonitrile was used. The adsorption isotherm experiments were conducted with the initial pyrrole concentration ranging from 0.2 to 5.0 mmolΆ¡L-1 for 2 h. After the adsorption, the concentration of the substrates in the supernatant solutions was determined via an UV-2450 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan). The binding capacity of pyrrole and the analogs was calculated from the equation: (1) Where: Q stands for the binding capacity (ÃŽ ¼molΆ¡g−1), C0 and C are the initial and the residual concentrations (mmolΆ¡L-1) of pyrrole, respectively, V is the solution volume (mL), and m is the amount (mg) of the MIP or NIP used for the adsorption experiments. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Interaction between pyrrole and the functional monomers In order to investigate the feasibility of imprinted pyrrole, two different functional monomers MAA and AM were investigated for the formation of complex with the template. The maximum absorption wavelength of pyrrole was measured by the UV-2450 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer. As shown in Fig.1, compared with MAA, AM demonstrated much stronger interaction with pyrrole for the non-existent absorbance of pyrrole. It is possible that the complex of pyrrole with AM was formed via hydrogen bonding between N–H of pyrrole and –CONH2 of AM due to the pre-polymerization. Fig.1 Interaction between pyrrole and functional monomers 3.2 The molar ratio of pyrrole to the monomer In order to elucidate the recognition mechanism on a molecular level, spectrophotometric analysis was employed in the pyrrole imprinting process. A series solution were prepared in acetonitrile, in which the molar ratio of pyrrole and AM varied at 1:0, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:6, respectively. After equilibrium for 12 h, absorption spectrums of the mixture were measured via an UV-2450 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer. As shown in Fig.2, the absorbance decreased with the increasing concentration of AM, When the molar ratio of pyrrole and AM up to 1:4, the absorption peak of pyrrole disappeared, which indicated that the pyrrole had reacted with AM completely. While molar ratio of pyrrole and AM exceeded 1:4, the excess of AM could self-associate, and formed non-specific binding site, which makes the adsorption mass transfer resistance increase and is not conducive to the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer. Therefore, the optimal molar ratio of pyrrole and AM is 1:4. Fig.2 Absorption spectra of pyrrole with different proportion of AM in acetonitrile 3.3 Characteristics of MIP and NIP 3.3.1 Characterisation of MIP and NIP by FT-IR spectra Pyrrole, AM, EGDMA, MIP (before and after eluting templates) and NIP were compared to affirm the successful preparation of MIP by FT-IR spectra. The FT-IR spectra of the MIP before and after removal of template pyrrole are presented in Fig.3a and Fig.3b, respectively. The –NH stretching vibration band of monomer AM (Fig.3e) appeared at 3580 cm-1 in the spectra of MIP before pyrrole removal (Fig.3a), which indicated that the template pyrrole formed hydrogen bonding interaction with monomer AM, this band is shifted to a higher wavenumber (at 3585 cm-1) after removal of pyrrole in MIP (Fig.3b). A conspicuous band at 1648 cm-1 in the spectra of MIP before removal of template pyrrole is ascribed to -C=C- aromatic ring stretching vibration of pyrrole (Fig.3d). This band disappeared after removal of pyrrole in MIP (Fig.3a) and was not observed in spectra of NIP (Fig.3c) due to absence of pyrrole. The peak at 3597cm-1 inFig.3c corresponds to the –NH stretching of monomer AM in the FT-IR spectra of NIP. The absorption peaks of MIP and NIP were similar, which means that both MIP after eluting templates and NIP have the same chemical components. Fig.3 IR spectra of (a) MIP before eluting template, (b) MIP after eluting template , (c) NIP, (d) pyrrole, (e) AM 3.3.2 Morphology of MIP and NIP The morphology of MIP and NIP was shown in Fig.4. As shown in Fig.4 (a), the prepared polymer is microsphere and the particle is uniform, which indicated the spherical particle can be synthesized at the best experiment condition. The MIP microsphere has a narrow and small particle size, and the average diameter is 2ÃŽ ¼m. As for NIP, the microsphere with a narrow but big particle size, and the average diameter is 3ÃŽ ¼m. Much imino exist in the template molecule, which may suppress the polymerization, results in the bigger particle size of NIP compared with MIP. Besides, the whole reaction system polarity increased with the added template molecule, the solubility of MIP decreased, so that MIP precipitated from the whole reaction system early, which can also generate the bigger particle size of NIP. Fig.4 SEM micrographs of (a) MIP, (b) NIP. 3.3.3 Characterization of specific surface area Table 1 lists the results of nitrogen adsorption experiments for MIP and NIP particles. It can be seen that the specific surface area and the average pore diameter were different for MIP and NIP particles. Table1 Structure parameters of MIP and NIP a Measured by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. b Measured by Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method. 3.4 Binding performance of MIP and NIP 3.4.1 Absorption isotherms and kinetic of pyrrole on the MIP and NIP The absorption isotherm curves of pyrrole on the MIP and NIP were plotted in Fig.5. The absorption capacity was increased gradually with increasing initial concentration of pyrrole in the range of 0.2-5.0 mmol ·L−1. In the higher concentration range, the binding capacity was close to be stable. The binding data can be analyzed by Langmuir equation: (2) Where Q stands for the binding capacity (ÃŽ ¼molΆ¡g−1), Qmax is the maximum binding capacity (ÃŽ ¼molΆ¡g−1), Ceq is equilibrium concentration of pyrrole (mmol ·L−1), and B is a constant. In order to calculate the maximum binding capacity of pyrrole on both MIP and NIP, this equation was changed into Eq. (3): (3) Eq. (3) shows a linear relationship between Ceq/Q and Ceq. From the slope of the linear plot, the maximum binding capacities of pyrrole on the MIP and NIP were calculated to be 404 and 265 ÃŽ ¼molΆ¡g−1, respectively, which means that the maximum binding capacity of pyrrole on MIP was 1.52 times of that on NIP. In addition, under the same experimental conditions, the adsorption capacity of the MIP at each concentration was higher than that of the NIP. It was indicated that MIP offered a higher affinity for the template molecule than NIP. Fig.5 Adsorption isotherms of pyrrole on MIP and NIP 3.4.2 Binding kinetic curve of pyrrole pyrrole on the MIP As shown in Fig.6, the adsorption kinetic curves of pyrrole on MIP and MIP were shown at the pyrrole concentration of 2.5 mmol ·L−1 in acetonitrile. It can be seen that the binding capacity of MIP increased rapidly in the period of 0-60 min, and then the increments were reduced on the stage of 60-80 min, and the saturated binding was observed after 80 min. Fig.6 Adsorption kinetic curves of pyrrole on MIP and NIP 3.4.3 Selective adsorption In the selective adsorption test, the target molecule pyrrole and the competitive one pyridine possess similar structure and co-exist in tobacco extract as nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds. As we can see in Table 2, it is obvious that the absorption capacity of pyrrole and pyridine of MIP was much higher than that of the NIP. The selectivity of MIP was 2.17 times higher than that of NIP, which suggested that the imprinting process significantly improved adsorption selectivity to the template. Table 2 Binding capacity of different substrates on MIP and NIP 4 CONCLUSIONS In this paper, the pyrrole molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized via the facile precipitation-polymerization method. The prepared polymer is microsphere and the diameter is about 2 ÃŽ ¼m. The binding property experiments indicated the imprinted polymer can adsorb the pyrrole molecule selectively. Moreover, the adsorb effect of MIP is stronger than NIP. The selective adsorption experiments demonstrated the synthesized MIP microsphere has the obvious selective adsorption effect with pyrrole molecule when compared the similar structure pyridine. This work provided theoretical basis for the new direction of separation and purification in the field of tobacco with pyrrole and other heterocyclic compounds. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was supported by China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co., Ltd, Technology research and development center project (2011-JC-0001) REFERENCES Kulshreshtha, N. P., Moldoveanu, S. C. (2003). Analysis of pyridines in mainstream cigarette smoke. Journal of Chromatography A, 985(1), 303-312. Leffingwell, J. C., Alford, E. D. (2005). Volatile constituents of perique tobacco. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 4(2), 899-915. Duan, J., Huang, Y., Li, Z., Zheng, B., Li, Q., Xiong, Y., Min, S. (2012). Determination of 27 chemical constituents in Chinese southwest tobacco by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Industrial Crops and Products, 40, 21-26. YU, J. J., PANG, T. H., REN, X. H., LI, L., DAI, H. J., LI, A. J. (2006). 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REN, Q., XING, H., BAO, Z., SU, B., YANG, Q., YANG, Y., ZHANG, Z. (2013). Recent Advances in Separation of Bioactive Natural Products. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 21(9), 937-952. Cheong, W. J., Yang, S. H., Ali, F. (2013). Molecular imprinted polymers for separation science: A review of reviews. Journal of separation science, 36(3), 609-628. Hu, Y., Pan, J., Zhang, K., Lian, H., Li, G. (2013). Novel applications of molecularly-imprinted polymers in sample preparation. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 43, 37-52. Andersson, L. I. (2000). Molecular imprinting for drug bioanalysis: a review on the application of imprinted polymers to solid-phase extraction and binding assay. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 739(1), 163-173. 1 [1]E-mail:[emailprotected]; [emailprotected]; [emailprotected]